读音和语义处理中双语被试脑功能的差异研究

利用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术探讨双语被试语义和读音处理时脑活动的差异.实验使用汉语和日语中语义和读音处理相关实验刺激任务,通过两组被试各自判断任务中不同的脑激活情况探讨中日双语和日本人被试在语义和读音处理时脑活动的差异.结果表明对于中日双语被试,中文语义判断任务和中文读音判断任务相减,没有得到差异性脑区,而日文语义判断任务和日文读音判断任务相减得到了二者差异性脑区,主要表现在:右侧额叶前回(BA8/9),左侧纺锤状回(BA37)以及右侧颞叶(BA22/38);对于日本人被试,日文语义判断任务和日文读音判断任务相减得到二者差异性脑区,主要表现在:左侧颞上回(BA40)和左侧颞叶(BA22).     

中日-日中双语被试在第二外语语义处理时脑活动差异的fMRI研究

利用功能性磁共振成像(f MRI)技术探讨中日双语和日中双语被试在语义处理时脑活动的差异。实验利用中日双语和日中双语两种被试,使用中文语义判断任务和日文语义判断任务,通过两组被试各自判断任务中不同的脑激活情况探讨中日双语和日中双语被试在语义处理时脑活动之间的差异。结果表明中日双语被试语义判断时脑神经网络为右侧额叶下回(BA44/45),左侧纺锤状回(BA37)以及左侧颞叶(BA39);日中双语被试语义判断时脑神经网络为左侧颞下回(BA38),左侧顶上及顶下小叶(BA7)以及左侧颞叶(BA21/22)。     

Mechanisms and neural basis of object and pattern recognition: A study with chess experts.

Comparing experts with novices offers unique insights into the functioning of cognition, based on the maximization of individual differences. Here we used this expertise approach to disentangle the mechanisms and neural basis behind two processes that contribute to everyday expertise: object and pattern recognition. We compared chess experts and novices performing chess-related and -unrelated (visual) search tasks. As expected, the superiority of experts was limited to the chess-specific task, as there were no differences in a control task that used the same chess stimuli but did not require chess-specific recognition. The analysis of eye movements showed that experts immediately and exclusively focused on the relevant aspects in the chess task, whereas novices also examined irrelevant aspects. With random chess positions, when pattern knowledge could not be used to guide perception, experts nevertheless maintained an advantage. Experts' superior domain-specific parafoveal vision, a consequence of their knowledge about individual domain-specific symbols, enabled improved object recognition. Functional magnetic resonance imaging corroborated this differentiation between object and pattern recognition and showed that chess-specific object recognition was accompanied by bilateral activation of the occipitotemporal junction, whereas chess-specific pattern recognition was related to bilateral activations in the middle part of the collateral sulci. Using the expertise approach together with carefully chosen controls and multiple dependent measures, we identified object and pattern recognition as two essential cognitive processes in expert visual cognition, which may also help to explain the mechanisms of everyday perception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparation for Speeded Action as a Psychophysiological Concept.

Mental preparation aids performance and induces multiple physiological changes that should inform concepts of preparation. To date, however, these changes have been interpreted as being due to a global preparatory process (e.g., attention or alertness). The authors review psychophysiological and performance investigations of preparation. Concepts of the central regulation of action offer an integrative framework for understanding the psychophysiology of preparation. If people process multiple streams of information concurrently, then preparatory processing requires a form of supervisory attention- central regulation to maintain unity of action. This concept is consistent with existing psychophysiological results and links them to current views of information processing. Conversely, psychophysiological measures may provide indices to test concepts within theories of the central regulation of action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Brain activation in restrained and unrestrained eaters: An fMRI study.

Restraint theory has been used to model the process that produces binge eating. However, there is no satisfactory explanation for the tendency of restrained eaters (REs) to engage in counterregulatory eating, an ostensible analogue of binge eating. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the authors investigated brain activation of normal weight REs (N = 9) and unrestrained eaters (UREs; N = 10) when fasted and fed and viewing pictures of highly and moderately palatable foods and neutral objects. When fasted and viewing highly palatable foods, UREs showed widespread bilateral activation in areas associated with hunger and motivation, whereas REs showed activation only in the cerebellum, an area previously implicated in low-level processing of appetitive stimuli. When fed and viewing high palatability foods, UREs showed activation in areas related to satiation and memory, whereas REs showed activation in areas implicated in desire, expectation of reward, and goal-defined behavior. These findings parallel those from behavioral research. The authors propose that the counterintuitive findings from preload studies and the present study are due to the fact that REs are less hungry than UREs when fasted and find palatable food more appealing than UREs when fed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

fMRI脑图的感知状态分析——回归模型及其寻优的非同质检验

脑功能核磁共振图像fMRI的特点是定位准确,但信噪比低、数据量大。对fMRI数据的泛回归模型的超参数寻优问题作了分析,提出基于非同质检验的超参数确认方法,重点比较了它在线性和非线性的回归方式（包括岭回归,支持向量回归,Elman递归神经网络）下针对不同外界环境特征的回归能力差异,实验所采用原始数据均来自PBAIC2006,结果表明,该方法在对相关领域知识较少依赖的前提下,具有较好的稳定性和泛化能力;同时在所涉及到的回归方法当中,线性方法的实现简单、有效,在计算代价上低于其他方法,对多种外界特征具有较高的预测能力。     

基于局部空间数据的功能磁共振图像运动校正

在脑功能磁共振实验中,运动校正是数据预处理的关键环节。运动校正的结果对后续的脑区定位、功能连接等分析有着重要的影响。但因数据量较大,常规分析软件对实验数据进行运动校正时做了一些简化处理,校正误差较大。为减少这种误差,提出了一种基于局部空间数据的运动校正方法,首先从数据获取的角度构造功能像各切片的局部空间数据,然后利用修正的Gauss-Newton最优化方法估计各切片相对于参考图像做刚体变换后的空间位置,最后利用Delaunay三角剖分方法重构功能像以实现精确校正。仿真实验及实际的视觉实验数据分析结果表明,该方法具有较高的校正精度,是一种有效的功能磁共振数据运动校正方法。     

Brain activation while forming memories of fearful and neutral faces in women and men.

Event-related functional MRI (fMRI) was used to assess brain activity during encoding of fearful and neutral faces in 12 women and 12 men. In a subsequent memory analysis, the authors separated successful from unsuccessful encoding of both types of faces, based on whether they were remembered or forgotten in a later recognition memory test. Overall, women and men recruited overlapping neural circuitries. Both sexes activated right-sided medial-temporal regions during successful encoding of fearful faces. Successful encoding of neutral faces was associated with left-sided lateral prefrontal and right-sided superior frontal activation in both sexes. In women, relatively greater encoding related activity for neutral faces was seen in the superior parietal and parahippocampal cortices. By contrast, men activated the left and right superior/middle frontal cortex more than women during successful encoding of the same neutral faces. These findings suggest that women and men use similar neural networks to encode facial information, with only subtle sex differences observed for neutral faces. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于功能磁共振成像方法的单相抑郁症情绪加工特点研究

运用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术,采用适合中国人情绪加工特点的表情图片(愉快、悲伤和中性表情)作为刺激材料,选取15名严格入组的未服药单相抑郁症女性患者与15名条件匹配的正常志愿者,对其情绪加工的大脑活动进行了对比研究。结果发现,与中性表情相比,在加工愉快表情时,抑郁症患者激活了右侧前额叶,而正常对照组激活的是左侧前额叶;在悲伤表情条件下,抑郁症患者激活了双侧颞下回,而正常对照组激活的是双侧前额叶。结果还发现,与正常对照组相比,抑郁症患者在双侧额下回三角区、右侧眶额下回、右侧颞下回等脑区的激活范围和强度均有所减少,尤其在加工悲伤表情时表现得更明显。该结果表明,单相抑郁症病人不仅在情绪加工相关脑区的功能上出现异常,而且加工情绪的脑区也可能出现了转移。     

Is There Reduced Hemodynamic Brain Activation in Multiple Sclerosis Even with Undisturbed Cognition?

Cognitive impairments related to changes in deep gray matter and other brain regions occur in up to 70% of people with multiple sclerosis. But do such brain changes also occur in patients without significant cognitive impairment? Eighteen participants with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and fifteen healthy controls participated in this study. Cognitive status, depression, and fatigue were assessed using the Multiple Sclerosis Inventory of Cognition (MUSIC), Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). fMRI was recorded while a participant performed the modified attention network test (ANT). The effects of ANT executive attention network on hemodynamic activation of a priori defined regions of interest, including the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, caudate nucleus, pallidum, and putamen were studied. The individual lesion load was estimated. For fMRI data analysis a general linear model with randomization statistics including threshold-free cluster enhancement as implemented in the FSL software was used. Participants with RRMS showed reduced activation of the executive attention network in the hippocampus, pallidum, and ACC. The thalamus was involved in both group activations but did not differ between groups. In summary, functional changes in the brain can also be demonstrated in RRMS patients without cognitive deficits. The affected brain regions can best be assigned to the attention network for executive control. This association could likely serve as a biological indicator of susceptibility to imminent cognitive impairment in MS.